You might have multiple Visual Studio versions installed, installed in non-default location, or for some reason the installation may be corrupted.
Try restarting your computer, launch Visual Studio, start CMake from Visual Studio command prompt.
You may also try building a project using the v140 toolset: create a new project in desktop x64 project in Visual Studio, without CMake; right-click on the project (not the solution), choose Properties / General / Platform Toolset: “Visual Studio 2015 (v140)” - you may get a more meaningful error message if something is off.
I had a quick look at Thinfinity VIrtualUI and it does not seem that it could run a Qt-based application. Slicer runs quite nicely in Docker, would that be an option for you?